miércoles, 20 de enero de 2016

Introducción a los pueblos eslavos

Es difícil definir los límites geográficos de los pueblos eslavos por varias razones: es el grupo cultural y lingüístico más numeroso de Europa, pero está dividido en muchos subgrupos; se concentran sobre todo en Europa, pero también se extienden hasta la Siberia asiática y, por lo tanto, Europa no es el único escenario donde podemos encontrarlos; por último, sus constantes migraciones nos han obligado a redefinir su situación geográfica a lo largo de la historia.

Presentación y delimitación

Actualmente podríamos dividir los pueblos eslavos en tres grandes grupos: los eslavos occidentales, los orientales y los meridionales. Los occidentales, asentados en la zona rodeada por los ríos Danubio, Vístula, Elba, el mar Báltico y la frontera de Lituania, incluyen a los sorbios, liutiches, pomeranios, checos, moravos, casubios eslovacos, mazovianos, vistulianos, polacos y silesios. Algunos de sus reinos –desde el S.VII– más importantes han sido la Gran Moravia o los países de la Corona Checha.

El grupo oriental, que se expande por las vastas llanuras de las actuales Ucrania y Rusia,  por su parte, está constituido por los radimiches, viatiches, severianos, drevlianos, dregoviches, volinios y los polianos. Formaron, con sus uniones, los pueblos ruso, ucraniano y bielorruso. Por último, los meridionales son los que encontramos en la zona de los Balcanes: eslovenos, búlgaros, macedonios, croatas, serbios, y los eslavos de Albania, y son los que conformaron los actuales estados de Bulgaria, Eslovenia, Serbia, Bosnia, Montenegro y Croacia. En el mapa se pueden observar mejor las fronteras que dividen a estos tres subgrupos:

         Verde claro: eslavos occidentales
       Verde oscuro: eslavos orientales
Negro: eslavos meridionales

Origen histórico

Es importante señalar que entre los S.V y VI dC se produce un punto de inflexión a tener en cuenta en la historia de los pueblos eslavos: a causa de la caída del Imperio Romano y de la llegada de los hunos, varios pueblos de Europa del Este –entre los que encontramos a los germanos, algunos grupos iranios y los eslavos– tuvieron que movilizarse e instalarse en otras zonas. Los eslavos se desplazaron por todo el continente europeo –véase mapa–, y se mezclaron con otros grupos para dar lugar a la formación de estados modernos.

No obstante, la historia de los pueblos eslavos se remonta a antes de Cristo, pero empiezan a emerger con más fuerza a partir del S.I dC. Ocupaban la zona del norte de los Cárpatos, en Europa Oriental. Las primeras referencias a su génesis las encontramos en Plinio el Viejo, Ptolomeo y Tácito, entre el I aC y el IdC.  Antes de la era cristiana existía una rama que actualmente se denomina balto-eslavo-germánica. Más tarde, los baltos y los eslavos se separaron de sus hermanos germánicos, y los eslavos se desplazaron hacia el Sureste.


Hacia el año 150 empezaron a invadir nuevas tierras, pero se encontraron con numerosos problemas: hacia el sur, su paso se vio afectado por el Imperio Romano; en el Oeste se toparon con los germanos y los celtas; por el Noreste consiguieron entrar en la actual Rusia, y en el Este se mezclaron con los escitas, los sármatas, los alanos y los godos. Más adelante, entre los S.V y VI, se produciría la gran migración eslava que ya hemos comentado.

3 comentarios:

  1. Serbian/Croatian Refuge Issues

    When studying the southern Slavic nations of Serbia and Croatia, the migration issues within Europe become blaringly obvious. Serbia and Croatia, having a strained relationship already, have had to come into tense contact with one another over the extreme influx of migrants from Turkey and other areas of the Middle East. In early 2015, Serbia had a more relaxed view of the migrants coming into their country, as they expected neighboring countries to hold their end of the agreements the UN Refugee Agency and other European organizations set. However, after Hungary refused to let migrants in towards the later parts of the year, Serbia began to seek other areas to funnel these refugees through. This led to the push of refugees into Croatia, who had already seen its share of migration issues up to this point. By mid-September, 17,000 refugees
    had entered and basically been bottled up because of Hungary’s closing of borders and Slovenia’s slow and reluctant processing. Ranko Ostojic, the Interior Minister of Croatia, stated “Don’t come here anymore. This is not the road to Europe,” after Croatia’s closing of borders with Serbia to try to reduce the flow of these refugees. Although this could seem like a small issue, these countries share a past of violence with the breaking apart of Yugoslavia in the 1990’s
    and tension has still remained to this day. This past relationship, coupled with the struggling state of these nations even before the European migrant crises, has created an extremely hard past few years for much of Serbia and Croatia. However, these Balkan Slavic nation’s pasts has also given them sympathy for the refugees as they and their ancestors experienced familiar struggles as
    recent as 20 years ago. The question then becomes whether these issues will result in more conflict and violence, or a peaceful resolution.



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  2. Russian’s Net Migration
    In Russia which is the highest populated Slavic country in Europe with a population of 143,445,421 has been seeing a huge dramatic fall in their population since the year 2000. For the year of 2000 the net yearly change for that year was -387,463, but the net migrants coming into the country was over 461,000 which shows that people from central Asia specially the Stan’s (Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and others) are coming into Russia in enormous quantity amounts. Since then Net migration has been fluctuating being 431,500 in 2010, and 223,600 in 2015 which shows that huge amounts are still coming into the country even though Russia has been in political and economic turmoil during most of this time. In an article called “The World’s Second Largest immigration Haven” author Mary Malinkin explains that Russia has had the most immigrants coming into the country behind only the U.S. since the beginning of the early 1990’s because Russia had far superior income levels, and higher living conditions even though this was right after the fall of the former Soviet Union of the U.S.S.R.. Even though, a lot of immigrants are coming to Russia to have a better life more Russian born citizens are leaving the turmoil to head west into the more developed western part of Europe like France, UK, Germany, and even as far west and the United States to escape the unrest and find themselves a better life. This being said Russia is the powerhouse in Eastern Europe so many countries around the massive country who are third world countries look at Russia as the huge new beginning where they can escape and become an entirely new person and provide for their family. That prospect alone is the driving force for the immigrants, the political economic unrest in Russia is nothing compared to what is going on in their countries and that is why they are willing to deal with Russia’s circumstances because it is still better than theirs. Also when the U.S.S.R fell the Russians in the countries that were taken over during the countries peak (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, some of the Stan’s) didn’t feel welcome after the collapse and the countries true citizens pushed the Russians back home which contributed to the huge number of net migrants in the early 2000’s to present day.

    US/European citizenship
    Comparing the European definition of citizenship with the US concepts can be quite different. In the reading by Paul White it mentioned that Europeans don’t want to hand out citizenship to anyone. They want to make it difficult on the outsiders and only grant them citizenship “on their terms” and if they feel like it that day. I feel like it’s somewhat similar to the process of becoming a U.S. citizen but perhaps less harsh. The process of becoming a US citizen requires you to study for a test about our country that include some strange questions. Some of the questions that are included in the test cannot be answered by an average US born citizen so why does an immigrant need to know all those silly questions. The procedure to become a US citizen is very time consuming and it can take up to months to process so they do not make it very easy for the immigrant to be granted citizenship similar to the Europeans. But I believe that the US compared to the Europeans is more welcoming. The Europeans tend to label immigrants as the “othering” outsiders and are not very hospitable.

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  3. Opinions of becoming an American
    We believe that when asked what it means to be an immigrant we concluded that someone who is not a US citizen, trying to become one. A few scenarios include one leaving their home country in seek of better opportunities and for financial necessities. We also believe that an immigrant is accepted once they absorbed the US values, traditions and culture. To become a US citizen on paper it can take anywhere from a year and a half to ten years. There are a lot of factors contributing to this including where you are from and one’s economic background as well as the decisions made by the government. When there is internal migrants there is some challenges that come with this migration, for example there is some “othering” coming internally in the US when referring to the South vs. the North.


    Works Cited
    Bilefsky, Dan. "17,000 Migrants Stranded in Croatia by Border Crackdown." The New York Times. The New York Times, 2015. Web. 04 Mar. 2016. .
    "Migrants Look to Serbia as Hungary Shuts Its Doors - BBC News." BBC News. Web. 04 Mar. 2016. .
    "Russia: The World's Second-Largest Immigration Haven." The National Interest. Web. 04 Mar. 2016. .
    "Russia Population (LIVE)." Russia Population (2016). Web. 04 Mar. 2016. .

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